Basics
Phonology
There are three major dialects of modern Braereth as well as an “archetypal” form which is official, but no one actually speaks. The archetypal form is based on Classical Braereth, which has a reconstructed phonology that differs slightly from the archetype particularly in the realization of the palatals and the lack of certain hypercorrections.
Archetypal Braereth
This is the variety of Braereth which is taught, but only really spoken by newscasters, politicians, actors, and other public figures, much like the American Transatlantic accent which filled a similar role before its decline in the latter half of the twentieth century.
Consonants |
Labial |
Dental |
Alveolar |
Palatal |
Velar |
|
Vowels |
Front |
Back |
Plosive |
b · p |
d · t |
|
g · c |
|
High |
i |
u |
|
/b/ · /p/ |
/d/ · /t/ |
|
/ɡ/ · /k/ |
|
|
/i/ |
/u/ |
Affricate |
bv · |
|
tz |
dj,gj · tj,cj |
|
|
Med |
e |
o |
|
/b͡v/ · |
|
[ʣ] · /ʦ/ |
/ʤ/ · /ʧ/ |
|
|
|
/e̞/ |
/o̞/ |
Fricative |
v · f |
d · th |
z · s |
zj · sj |
· qh |
|
Low |
a |
|
/v/ · /f/ |
[ð] · /θ/ |
[(z)] · /s/ |
(/ʒ/) · /ʃ/ |
(/x/) |
|
|
/ä/ |
Nasal |
m · |
n · |
nj · |
|
|
Diphthongs |
|
|
|
/m/ |
/n/ |
/ɲ/ |
[ŋ] |
|
|
To Front |
To Back |
Lateral |
|
l · |
lj · |
|
|
High |
ui |
iu |
|
|
/l/ |
/ʎ/ |
|
|
|
/ui̯/ |
/iu̯/ |
Trill |
|
|
r · |
rj · |
|
|
Med |
ei |
eu |
|
|
|
/r/ [ɾ] |
/r̝/ |
|
|
|
/e̞i̯/ |
/e̞u̯/ |
Approximant |
u · |
|
|
i · |
|
|
Low |
ai |
au |
|
/w/ |
|
|
/j/ |
|
|
|
/äi̯/ |
/äu̯/ |
Classical Braereth
This is the reconstructed phonology of Classical Braereth, the Romance language which was spoken throughout mountainous regions of Europe from around 1200 to 1600 AD.
Consonants |
Labial |
Dental |
Alveolar |
Palatal |
Velar |
|
Vowels |
Front |
Back |
Plosive |
b · p |
d · t |
gj · cj |
g · c |
|
High |
i |
u |
|
/b/ · /p/ |
/d/ · /t/ |
/ɟ(ʝ)/ · /c(ç)/ |
/ɡ/ · /k/ |
|
|
/i/ |
/u/ |
Affricate |
bv · |
|
tz |
dj · tj |
|
|
Med |
e |
o |
|
/b͡β/ · |
|
[ʣ] · /ʦ/ |
/ʥ/ · /ʨ/ |
|
|
|
/e̞/ |
/o̞/ |
Fricative |
v · f |
d · th |
z · s |
zj · sj |
· qh |
|
Low |
a |
|
/β/ · /ΙΈ/ |
[ð] · /θ/ |
[(z)] · /s/ |
(/ʑ/) · /ɕ/ |
(/x~h/) |
|
|
/ä/ |
Nasal |
m · |
n · |
nj · |
|
|
Diphthongs |
|
|
|
/m/ |
/n/ |
/ɲ/ |
[ŋ] |
|
|
To Front |
To Back |
Lateral |
|
l · |
lj · |
|
|
High |
ui |
iu, ou |
|
|
/l/ |
/ʎ/ |
|
|
|
/ui̯/ |
/iu̯/, /ou̯/ |
Trill |
|
|
r · |
rj · |
|
|
Med |
ei |
eu |
|
|
|
/r/ [ɾ] |
/r̝/ |
|
|
|
/e̞i̯/ |
/e̞u̯/ |
Approximant |
u · |
|
|
i · |
|
|
Low |
ai |
au |
|
/w~ʋ/ |
|
|
/j/ |
|
|
|
/ae̯/ |
/au̯/ |
Tenibvreth Dialect
The Tenibvreth dialect is marked by a weakening and near-total deletion of final unstressed vowels, a strengthened palatal series, and diverse realizations of the laterals. A larger amount of the vocabulary is borrowed from Gothic, other Germanic influences, and Slavic languages. For the most part, Tenibvreth is written as standard Braereth, though many words are slightly abbreviated or modified to reflect current pronunciation: mainly omitting the final vowel. When the final vowel is ⟨e⟩ or when the final consonant is palatalized, an apostrophe (⟨’⟩) is used. The exception to this is infinitives of verbs, which always eliminate the final ⟨e⟩ leaving a palatalized ⟨r⟩, but an apostrophe is not used.
Eomentesa Dialect
The Eomentesa dialect is notable for its lowered (“true”) mid vowels and almost complete loss of the palatal series to unpacking. It has a small number of borrowings from Celtic sources not shared with the other dialects. Some speakers still use the Classical orthography, but a recent spelling reform has been adopted by most speakers of the Eomentesa dialect, and many words bear little resemblance to their Braereth forebears (e.g. tzeiru ‘zero’ becomes Eomentesa sero).
Merineth Dialect
The Merineth dialect is the furthest removed of the dialects from Classical Braereth. It has no palatal sounds whatsoever, and contains a number of liquids that appear seemingly spontaneously around certain clusters. Consonant clusters are all but eliminated, and diphthongs are broken up by an insertive ⟨l⟩ or ⟨r⟩. There is a merging of voiced and unvoiced consonants, as well as fortition of certain fricatives into stops. The vowels ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩ do not exist in Merineth, and are usually raised to ⟨i⟩ and ⟨u⟩, respectively, or sometimes lowered to ⟨a⟩. The Merineth do not have a formal written language, and usually use the Classical spelling, though some have adopted the Eomentesa spelling reform, as it is a little closer than Classican Braereth to how Merineth is actually pronounced, though there are still vast differences.
Orthography
While all dialects of Braereth may be written in the classical orthography, in Tenibvreth final vowels are often elided, and certain folk spellings have become common where pronunciation has changed, e.g. ⟪floura⟫ for flora, or substituting ⟪qv⟫ for ⟨qu⟩ (ecquilju → ⟪ecqvil’⟫). When final vowels are dropped, final ⟨e⟩ often becomes ⟪’⟫ to indicate palatalization (grande → ⟪grand’⟫), and sometimes final ⟨tu⟩ will be changed to ⟪th⟫ (tutu → ⟪tuth⟫).
The Eomentesa dialect has a reformed spelling system which is described in detail on the Eomentesa page.
Merineth does not have a unique writing system, but there is a transcriptional orthography described on the Merineth page.
Orth. |
Phn. |
Description |
Example |
Official |
Classical |
Tenibvreth |
Eomentesa |
Merineth |
Environment/Notes |
a |
/a/ |
as in father. |
ath ‘to, at’ |
/aθ/ |
[aθ] |
⟪ath⟫ [aθ] |
⟨ath⟩ [aθ] |
⧼ath⧽ [at’] |
|
ae |
/ai̯/ |
like ⟨i⟩ in side. |
laectje ‘milk’ |
/ˈlai̯k.ʧe/ |
[ˈlae̯c.ʨe] |
⟪laect’⟫ [ˈlai̯kɕ] |
⟨létx⟩ [ˈle̞ːʧ] |
⧼larits⧽ [laˈrits] |
In Merineth, /l/ is inserted between the vowels of earlier diphthongs. If /l/ is already present in an adjacent syllable, /r/ is inserted instead. |
aou |
/au̯/ |
like ⟨ow⟩ in how. |
saou ‘salt’ |
/sau̯/ |
[sau̯] |
⟪saou⟫ [ˈsau̯] |
⟨sao⟩ [ˈsa.o̞] |
⧼salu⧽ [ˈsa.lu] |
Only occurs word-finally in stressed monosyllabic words. See additional notes at ⟨ae⟩. |
au |
/au̯/ |
like ⟨ou⟩ in round. |
aubvru ‘tree’ |
/ˈau̯vru/ |
[ˈau̯.bβru] |
⟪aubvr⟫ [ˈau̯vʀ] |
⟨aovro⟩ [ˈau.vro̞] |
⧼alubru⧽ [ˈa.lu.bru] |
See notes at ⟨ae⟩. |
b |
/b/ |
as in bet. |
baclu ‘stick’ |
/ˈbak.lu/ |
[ˈbak.lu] |
⟪bacl⟫ [ˈbakɬ] |
⟨baclo⟩ [ˈba.klo̞] |
⧼pakalu⧽ [ˈpa.ka.lu] |
|
bv |
/v/ |
like ⟨v⟩ in very. |
ribveu ‘level’ |
/riˈveu̯/ |
[riˈbβeu̯] |
⟪ribveu⟫ [riˈveu̯] |
⟨riveo⟩ [riˈve̞.o̞] |
⧼ribilu⧽ [riˈbi.lu] |
Only occurs word-internally. The affricate is sometimes maintained in the standardized language as /bv/. |
c |
/k/ |
as in cat. |
couru ‘heart’ |
/ˈku.ru/ |
[ˈkou̯.ru] |
⟪cour⟫ [ˈkuʀ] |
⟨coro⟩ [ˈko̞.ro̞] |
⧼kúru⧽ [ˈkuːru] |
|
/ʧ/ |
like ⟨ch⟩ in chair. |
dicere ‘to say’ |
/diˈʧe.re/ |
[diˈcçe.re] |
⟪dicer⟫ [diˈʨeʐ] |
⟨ditxer⟩ [diˈʧe̞r] |
⧼titsil⧽ [tiˈʦil] |
when followed by ⟨i⟩ or ⟨e⟩. |
cj |
/ʧ/ |
like ⟨ch⟩ in cheese. |
radjicja ‘root’ |
/raˈʤi.ʧa/ |
[raˈʥi.cça] |
⟪radjicja⟫ [raˈʥi.ʨə] |
⟨radjitxa⟩ [raˈʤi.ʧa] |
⧼radzitsa⧽ [raˈʣi.ʦa] |
|
ctj |
/kʧ/ |
like ⟨cti⟩ in action. |
fruictju ‘fruit’ |
/ˈfrui̯k.ʧu/ |
[ˈfrui̯c.ʨu] |
⟪fruict’⟫ [ˈfrui̯kɕ] |
⟨frútxo⟩ [fruːʧo̞] |
⧼prútsu⧽ [ˈpruː.ʦu] |
|
d |
/d/ |
as in door. |
dente ‘tooth’ |
/ˈden.te/ |
[ˈden.te] |
⟪dent’⟫ [ˈdenʨ] |
⟨dent⟩ [de̞nt] |
⧼tints⧽ [tinʦ] |
|
/ð/ |
like ⟨th⟩ in other. |
cjaudu ‘hot’ |
/ˈʧau̯.ðu/ |
[ˈcçau̯.ðu] |
⟪cjauth⟫ [ˈʨau̯ð] |
⟨xaodo⟩ [ˈʃau̯.ðo̞] |
⧼salutu⧽ [ˈsa.lu.tu] |
when between vowels or liquids (r or l). |
dj |
/ʤ/ |
like ⟨dg⟩ in edge. |
codjax ‘head of a poppy’ |
/koˈʤa/ |
[koˈʥa] |
⟪codjax⟫ [koˈʥa] |
⟨codjà⟩ [ko̞ˈʤa] |
⧼kudzax⧽ [kuˈʣa] |
|
e |
/e/ |
like ⟨é⟩ in French été. |
estelja ‘star’ |
/eˈste.ʎa/ |
[eˈste.ʎa] |
⟪estelja⟫ [eˈste.ɮə] |
⟨estelia⟩ [e̞ˈste̞.li.a] |
⧼ítilia⧽ [iːˈti.li.a] |
|
ei |
/i/ |
as in weird. |
deice ‘ten’ |
/ˈdei̯.ʧe/ |
[ˈdei̯.cçe] |
⟪deic’⟫ [ˈdiʨ] |
⟨dítx⟩ [diːʧ] |
⧼títs⧽ [tiːʦ] |
|
eou |
/eu̯/ |
like ⟨ell⟩ in bell with a Cockney accent. |
beou ‘beautiful’ |
/ˈbeu̯/ |
[ˈbeu̯] |
⟪beou⟫ [ˈbeu̯] |
⟨beo⟩ [ˈbe̞.o̞] |
⧼pilu⧽ [ˈpi.lu] |
Only occurs word-finally in unstressed monosyllabic words. |
eu |
/eu̯/ |
like ⟨ew⟩ in Welsh ewro. |
seuva ‘forest’ |
/ˈseu̯.va/ |
[ˈseu̯.va] |
⟪seuva⟫ [ˈseu̯və] |
⟨seova⟩ [ˈse̞u̯.va] |
⧼siluba⧽ [ˈsi.lu.ba] |
|
f |
/f/ |
as in four. |
folja ‘leaf’ |
/ˈfo.ʎa/ |
[ˈfo.ʎa] |
⟪folja⟫ [ˈfo.ɮə] |
⟨folia⟩ [ˈfo̞.li.a] |
⧼pulia⧽ [ˈpu.li.a] |
|
g |
/ɡ/ |
as in gift. |
grostu ‘thick’ |
/ˈɡro.stu/ |
[ˈɡro.stu] |
⟪grost⟫ [ˈɡrost] |
⟨grosto⟩ [ˈɡro̞s.to̞] |
⧼krustu⧽ [ˈkru.stu] |
|
/ʤ/ |
as in ggem. |
tragere ‘to pull’ |
/tɾaˈʤe.re/ |
[tɾaˈɟʝe.re] |
⟪trager⟫ [tɾaˈʥeʐ] |
⟨tradjer⟩ [tɾaˈʤe̞r] |
⧼tradzil⧽ [tɾaˈʣil] |
when followed by ⟨i⟩ or ⟨e⟩. |
gj |
/ʤ/ |
like ⟨j⟩ in joke. |
obligjare ‘to compel’ |
/o.bliˈʤa.re/ |
[o.bliˈɟʝa.re] |
⟪obligjar⟫ [o.bliˈʥaʐ] |
⟨oblidjar⟩ [o̞b.liˈʤar] |
⧼upridzal⧽ [u.pɾiˈʣal] |
|
gn |
/ŋn/ |
like ⟨ngn⟩ in hangnail. |
magnu ‘great’ |
/ˈmaŋ.nu/ |
[ˈmaŋ.nu] |
⟪magn⟫ [ˈmaŋn] |
⟨mangano⟩ [ˈmaŋ.ɡa.no̞] |
⧼mankalu⧽ [ˈman.ka.lu] |
|
gnj |
/ŋɲ/ |
like ⟨ng⟩ followed by ⟨ny⟩: sing nyet. |
ignju ‘fire’ |
/ˈiŋ.ɲu/ |
[ˈiŋ.ɲu] |
⟪ign’⟫ [ign’] |
⟨inio⟩ [inio] |
⧼inkuliru⧽ [inkuliru] |
|
i |
/i/ |
as in machine. |
iljis ‘they’ |
/ˈi.ʎis/ |
[ˈi.ʎis] |
⟪iljis⟫ [ˈi.ɮis] |
⟨ilis⟩ [ˈi.lis] |
⧼ilis⧽ [ˈi.lis] |
|
/j/ |
like ⟨y⟩ in yet. |
iecru ‘liver’ |
/ˈje.kru/ |
[ˈje.kru] |
⟪iecr⟫ [ˈjekʀ] |
⟨iecro⟩ [iˈe̞.kro̞] |
⧼ilikru⧽ [iˈlik.ɾu] |
when before any vowel except ⟨u⟩. |
iu |
/iu̯/ |
like ⟨ee you⟩ in see you. |
fluviu ‘river’ |
/ˈflu.viu̯/ |
[ˈflu.viu̯] |
⟪fluviu⟫ [ˈfɬu.viu̯] |
⟨lapid’⟩ [ˈflu.vi.o̞] |
⧼lapits⧽ [ˈply.bi.ru] |
|
l |
/l/ |
as in lucky. |
lapide ‘stone’ |
/ˈla.pi.ðe/ |
[ˈla.pi.ðe] |
⟪lapid’⟫ [laˈpiʥ] |
⟨lapid⟩ [laˈpid] |
⧼lapits⧽ [laˈpits] |
|
lj |
/ʎ/ |
like ⟨gl⟩ in Italian degli. |
meiljour ‘better’ |
/miːˈʎuːr/ |
[mei̯ˈʎou̯r] |
⟪meiljour⟫ [miˈɮuʀ] |
⟨melior⟩ [me̞ˈli.o̞r] |
⧼míliúr⧽ [miːˈli.uːr] |
|
m |
/m/ |
as in mill. |
moulire ‘to die’ |
/muˈli.re/ |
[muˈli.re] |
⟪moulir⟫ [muˈliʐ] |
⟨molir⟩ [mo̞ˈrir] |
⧼múril⧽ [muːˈril] |
|
n |
/n/ |
n in net. |
nascere ‘to be born’ |
/nasˈʧe.re/ |
[nasˈcçe.re] |
⟪nascer⟫ [nasˈʨeʐ] |
⟨naxer⟩ [naˈʃe̞r] |
⧼nastsil⧽ [nasˈʦil] |
|
nc |
/ŋk/ |
like ⟨nk⟩ in drink. |
ginclu ‘knee’ |
/ˈʤiŋ.klu/ |
[ˈɟʝiŋ.klu] |
⟪gincl⟫ [ˈʥiŋkɬ] |
⟨jinclo⟩ [ˈʒiŋ.klo̞] |
⧼zinkuru⧽ [ˈzin.ku.ɾu] |
|
/nʧ/ |
like ⟨nch⟩ in inch. |
quince ‘fifteen’ |
/ˈkwin.ʧe/ |
[ˈkʷiɲ.cçe] |
⟪qvinc’⟫ [ˈkʋiɲʨ] |
⟨quintx⟩ [kuˈin.ʧe] |
⧼kulints⧽ [kuˈlinʦ] |
when followed by ⟨i⟩ or ⟨e⟩. |
ng |
/ŋɡ/ |
as in finger. |
loungu ‘long’ |
/ˈluŋ.ɡu/ |
[ˈluŋ.ɡu] |
⟪loung⟫ [luŋɡ] |
⟨longo⟩ [ˈlo̞ŋ.ɡo̞] |
⧼lúnku⧽ [ˈluːn.ku] |
|
/nʤ/ |
as in ginger. |
pungere ‘to stab’ |
/punˈʤe.re/ |
[punˈɟʝe.re] |
⟪punger⟫ [puŋ.ɡʑeʐ] |
⟨pundjer⟩ [punˈʤe̞r] |
⧼pundzil⧽ [punˈʣil] |
when followed by ⟨i⟩ or ⟨e⟩. |
ngj |
/nʤ/ |
as in canning jar. |
mengjare ‘to eat’ |
/meŋˈʤa.re/ |
[meɲˈɟʝa.re] |
⟪mengjar⟫ [meŋˈɡʑaʐ] |
⟨mandjar⟩ [manˈʤar] |
⧼mandzal⧽ [manˈʣal] |
|
nj |
/ɲ/ |
like ⟨ni⟩ in onion. |
anju ‘year’ |
/ˈa.ɲu/ |
[ˈa.ɲu] |
⟪an’⟫ [ˈaɲ] |
⟨anio⟩ [ˈa.ni.o̞] |
⧼aniu⧽ [ˈa.ni.u] |
|
o |
/o/ |
as in old. |
ostu ‘bone’ |
/ˈo.stu/ |
[ˈo.stu] |
⟪ost⟫ [ˈost] |
⟨osto⟩ [ˈo̞.sto̞] |
⧼ustu⧽ [ˈu.stu] |
|
ou |
/u/ |
like ⟨oo⟩ in soon. |
ouvu ‘egg’ |
/ˈu.vu/ |
[ˈou̯.vu] |
⟪ouv⟫ [ˈuv] |
⟨ovo⟩ [ˈo̞.vo̞] |
⧼úbu⧽ [ˈuːbu] |
|
p |
/p/ |
as in pine. |
pelju ‘hair’ |
/ˈpe.ʎu/ |
[ˈpe.ʎu] |
⟪pel’⟫ [ˈpeʎ] |
⟨pelio⟩ [ˈpe̞.li.o̞] |
⧼piliu⧽ [ˈpi.li.u] |
|
qh |
/x/ |
like ⟨ch⟩ in German Bach. |
aqhma ‘life force’ |
/ˈax.ma/ |
[ˈax.ma] |
⟪aqhma⟫ [ˈaχ.mə] |
⟨ahma⟩ [ˈaç.ma] |
⧼aqma⧽ [ˈaʀ.ma] |
Only in borrowings. |
qu |
/kw/ |
as in queen. |
quei ‘what’ |
/kwiː/ |
[kʷei̯] |
⟪qvei⟫ [ˈkʋi] |
⟨que⟩ [ˈku.e̞] |
⧼kuri⧽ [ˈku.ɾi] |
|
r |
/r/ |
as in Spanish rojo. |
ridere ‘to laugh’ |
/riˈðe.re/ |
[riˈðe.re] |
⟪rider⟫ [riˈðeʐ] |
⟨rider⟩ [riˈðe̞r] |
⧼ritil⧽ [ɾiˈtil] |
|
rj |
/r̝/ |
like ⟨ř⟩ in Czech Dvořak. |
terja ‘earth’ |
/ˈte.r̝a/ |
[ˈte.r̝a] |
⟪terja⟫ [ˈte.ʐə] |
⟨teria⟩ [ˈte̞.ri.a] |
⧼tiria⧽ [ˈti.ri.a] |
|
s |
/s/ |
as in see. |
secjare ‘to cut’ |
/seˈʧa.re/ |
[seˈcça.re] |
⟪secjar⟫ [seˈʨaʐ] |
⟨setxar⟩ [se̞ˈʧar] |
⧼sitsal⧽ [siˈʦal] |
|
/z/ |
as in rose. |
espousa ‘wife’ |
/eˈspu.za/ |
[eˈspu.za] |
⟪espousa⟫ [eˈspu.zə] |
⟨espoza⟩ [e̞ˈspu.za] |
⧼ípuza⧽ [iːˈpu.za] |
when between vowels or liquids. |
sj |
/ʃ/ |
like ⟨sh⟩ in shoe. |
sji ‘yes’ |
/ˈʃi/ |
[ˈɕi] |
⟪sji⟫ [ɕi] |
⟨xi⟩ [ʃi] |
⧼si⧽ [si] |
|
t |
/t/ |
as in tall. |
tutu ‘all’ |
/ˈtu.tu/ |
[ˈtu.tu] |
⟪tuth⟫ [ˈtuθ] |
⟨tuto⟩ [ˈtu.to̞] |
⧼tytu⧽ [ˈty.tu] |
|
th |
/θ/ |
as in path. |
misgerith ‘I’m sorry’ |
/misˈɡeriθ/ |
[misˈɡœːriθ] |
⟪misqherith⟫ [misˈχeriθ] |
⟨misgérith⟩ [misˈɡe̞ːriθ] |
⧼miskarit’⧽ [miˈskarit’] |
|
tj |
/ʧ/ |
like ⟨ch⟩ in church. |
setje ‘seven’ |
/ˈse.ʧe/ |
[ˈse.ʨe] |
⟪set’⟫ [ˈseʨ] |
⟨setx⟩ [ˈse̞ʧ] |
⧼sats⧽ [ˈsaʦ] |
|
tz |
/ʦ/ |
like ⟨ts⟩ in cats. |
tzince ‘five’ |
/ˈʦin.ʧe/ |
[ˈʦiɲ.cçe] |
⟪tzinc’⟫ [ˈʦinʨ] |
⟨sintx⟩ [ˈsinʧ] |
⧼sints⧽ [ˈsinʧ] |
|
/ʣ/ |
like ⟨ds⟩ in words. |
pitzitu ‘small’ |
/piˈʣi.tu/ |
[piˈʣi.tu] |
⟪pitzith⟫ [piˈʣiθ] |
⟨pedzito⟩ [pe̞ˈʣi.to̞] |
⧼pidzitu⧽ [piˈʣi.tu] |
when between vowels or liquids. |
u |
/u/ |
like ⟨oo⟩ in room. |
unce ‘eleven’ |
/ˈun.ʧe/ |
[ˈuɲ.cçe] |
⟪unc’⟫ [ˈunʨ] |
⟨untx⟩ [ˈunʧ] |
⧼ynts⧽ [ˈynʦ] |
|
ui |
/ui̯/ |
like ⟨uy⟩ in Spanish muy. |
luictjare ‘to fight’ |
/lujkˈʧa.re/ |
[lui̯kˈʨa.re] |
⟪luictjar⟫ [lui̯kˈɕaʐ] |
⟨lútxar⟩ [luːˈʧar] |
⧼lútsal⧽ [luːˈʦal] |
|
v |
/v/ |
as in voice. |
voulere ‘to want’ |
/vuˈle.re/ |
[vou̯ˈle.re] |
⟪vouler⟫ [vuˈleʐ] |
⟨voler⟩ [vo̞ˈle̞r] |
⧼buril⧽ [buˈril] |
|
x |
/ˈ/ |
|
iljax ‘there’ |
/iˈʎa/ |
[iˈʎa] |
⟪iljax⟫ [iˈɮa] |
⟨alià⟩ [a.liˈa] |
⧼aliax⧽ [a.liˈa] |
Indicates unexpected stress. (Eomentesa reform script uses a grave diacritic.) |
z |
/z/ |
as in zoo. |
quazina ‘quiver’ |
/ˈkwa.zi.na/ |
[freˈʑi.re] |
⟪qvazjina⟫ [ˈkʋa.ʑi.nə] |
⟨quazina⟩ [kuˈa.zi.na] |
⧼kulazina⧽ [kuˈla.zi.na] |
Only in borrowings and the digraph ⟨tz⟩. |
zj |
/ʒ/ |
like ⟨j⟩ in French jamais. |
frezjire ‘to deceive’ |
/freˈʒi.re/ |
[freˈʑi.re] |
⟪frezjir⟫ [freˈʑiʐ] |
⟨frejir⟩ [fre̞ˈʒir] |
⧼prizil⧽ [priˈzil] |
Only in borrowings. |
Orthographic Peculiarities
The diphthongs ⟨au⟩ and ⟨eu⟩ are written as ⟨aou⟩ and ⟨eou⟩, respectively, when they occur at the end of a monosyllabic word; however, this does not include function words, which leads to some interesting homophones:
Pronouns
Pronouns are much the same as in English, but there is an additional distinction between dative and accusative prounouns (i.e. indirect and direct objects) which is also found in other Romance languages. There are some subtleties around how to distinguish one from the other, but the simplest, most fundamental rule is:
- Direct object pronouns usually precede the verb that modifies them, and
- Indirect object pronouns are always used after a preposition.
|
Nominative (Subject) |
Genitive (Possessive) |
Dative (Indirect Object) |
Accusative (Direct Object) |
1sg |
eou ‘I’ |
meu* ‘my’ |
mei ‘(to) me’ |
me, m’** ‘me’ |
2sg |
tu ‘you, thou’ |
teu* ‘your, thy’ |
tei ‘(to) you, thee’ |
te, t’** ‘you, thee’ |
3sg.masc |
ilju ‘he’ |
seu* ‘his, her’ |
lei ‘(to) him’ |
le, l’** ‘him’ |
3sg.fem |
ilja ‘she’ |
lae ‘(to) her’ |
la, l’** ‘her’ |
3rflx |
— |
sei ‘(to) him/herself’ |
se, s’** ‘him/herself’ |
1pl |
nousautris ‘we’ |
noustru* ‘our’ |
nous ‘(to) us’ |
ne, n’** ‘us’ |
2pl |
vousautris ‘you (all)’ |
voustru* ‘your’ |
vous ‘(to) you (all)’ |
ve, v’** ‘you (all)’ |
3pl.masc |
iljis ‘they’ |
louru* ‘their’ |
lour ‘(to) them’ |
ljis ‘them’ |
3pl.fem |
iljes ‘they’ |
ljes ‘them’ |
Articles & Determiners
Articles
The articles align very closely to the English articles “the” (definite) and “a” or “an” (indefinite). The singular articles contract before a word beginning with a vowel.
The Definite Article
When the masculine singular article follows the prepositions a and de, they fuse into a single word, au and deu, respectively. (Cf. Spanish al, French du, Italian dal, &c.)
An Indefinite Article
Possessives
The possessive adjectives from the personal pronouns are declined as Adjectives, but the singular pronouns have a slightly irregular masculine singular form. Meu (‘my’) declines thus:
Teu (‘your’) and seu (‘his/her’) decline similarly.
Numerals
The “teen” numbers (11-19) are highly irregular. In Classical Braereth, these all ended with ‑dice, which in the modern languages has been contracted to ‑ce.
While vinctjeth-uictjou is the literary standard, none of the dialects actually uses this form: Classical Braereth used an older form vinctje-eth-uictjou where the conjunction had not been assimilated into the first element; Tenibvreth does not retain the ‑th of the conjunction because uictjou begins with a consonant sound (it is sometimes written as ⟪vinctje-victjou⟫); Eomentesa’s reform orthography spells it as ⟨vintx-eth-útxo⟩.
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